the 'independence' and 'impartiality' of arbitrator; synonymy or distinction? (a comparative study in international commercial arbitration)

the propagation of utilization of arbitration as a method of dispute resolution depends on the public confidence in the method. in this regard, the independence of arbitrators and their impartiality are necessary conditions for the realization of such confidence. independence and impartiality of arbitrators ensure a fair trial in arbitration and the lack of aforementioned features makes it impossible to trust the fairness of the dispute settlement process and its result. the importance of confidence in the health of the dispute settlement system is to the extent that many international instruments have frequently emphasised on the necessity of the two above-mentioned features. in the recent decade, contemporaneous with the incredible development of arbitration, the debate over independence and impartiality of arbitrator has become important and controversial because neither national laws nor international provisions provide a clear difinition of the said concepts. this article set out to explain the exact point that the independence and impartiality are distinct concepts and are not interchangeable with each other; independence is concerned with the relationships between the arbitrator and disputing parties, while impartiality considers the arbitrator's conduct over the equal treatment with the parties. the aforesaid distinction includes such a legal effect that each of these two concepts shall be considered as an autonomous and separate cause for challenging arbitrators.